Fridae

Being gay, I know many gay men and none of them come from big families with several older brothers. I do know one man from a big family, but he is the second eldest, so that theory still does not apply. The mystery continues...., and I'm happy to be one of the mysterious men.

Interesting article wish to read more....

It would be just too easy for proper academics and researchers to refute the claims in this article. The author or author seem to have taken the stance that their words are the end of the discussion. Well guess what they’re not.
I have to presume that the article was presented just to spur conversation and discussion.

Nerve endings

Nerve endings

It will have taken 40 years and millions of dollars to debunk this stupid (and dangerous) gay gene theory!
There was a similar theory about differences between the brains of gay and straight people...

hahaha, they don't talk about bi sexuals. Most people are bi sexuals in some degree. Heterosexuals and homosexuals are at the least. Thus they don't able to find it . If the researchers could take the Kinsey Scale Test, they would know whom they were,most like in bi or homosexuals too.

A rerun? (twice)

(Excerpt from :Why Men Don’t Listen, Women Can’t Read Maps” by Allan & Barbara Pease)

Gays, Lesbians and Transsexuals
Research shows that the basic template for the body and brain of a human foetus is female in its structure. As a result, men have some redundant female features such as nipples. Men also have mammary glands which do not function but retain the potential to produce milk. There are thousands of recorded cases of lactation in male prisoners-of-war where starvation led to a diseased liver failing to break down the hormones essential for breast-feeding.

As we now know, 6 to 8 weeks after conception, a male foetus (XY) receives a massive dose of male hormones called androgens which first forms the testes, and then a 2nd dose to alter the brain from a female format to a male configuration. If the male foetus does not receive enough male hormone at the appropriate time, 1 of 2 things may happen. 1stly, a baby boy may be bom with brain structure that is more feminine than masculine, in other words, a boy who will most likely be gay by puberty. 2ndly, a genetic boy may be born with a fully functioning female brain and a set of male genitals. This person will be transgender – a person who is biologically male but feeling as if he is a female. Sometimes, a genetic male is born with a set of both male and female genitals. Genetic Anne Moir in her ground-breaking book Brainsex documents the many cases of genetic boys being born looking like girls and being raised as girls, only suddenly to find that they have penis and testicles that appear at puberty. This genetic oddity was discovered in the Dominican Republic and a study with the parents of these 'girls' show that their parents typically raised them as girls and encouraged stereotypical behaviours such as feminine dress and playing with dolls. Many of these parents were then shocked to discover that they'd ended up with a fully fledged son at puberty when male hormones took over and their 'daughters' suddenly had a penis and reverted to male appearance and typical male behaviour patterns. This change occurred despite all the social conditioning and social pressures for female behaviour. The fact that most of these 'girls' successfully lived the rest of their lives as males highlights the point that their social environment and upbringing had a limited impact on their adult lives. Clearly, their biology was the key factor in creating their behavioural patterns.

Is it Genetic or a Choice?
When Body Language author Allan Pease and geneticist Anne Moir appeared together on British television in 1991 to launch their books Brainsex (Mandarin Books) and Talk Language (HarperCollins), Moir revealed the results of her research which highlighted what scientists have known for years - homosexuality is inborn, not a choice. Not only is homosexuality mostly inborn, but the environment in which we are raised plays a lesser role in our behaviour than was previously thought. Scientists have found that as an adolescent or adult, parents' efforts to suppress homosexual tendencies in their off-spring has practically no effect. And because the impact of male hormone (or lack of it) on the brain is the main culprit, most homosexuals are males. There is no solid evidence that upbringing affects the likelihood of a child becoming homosexual.

For every lesbian (female body with a masculinised brain) there are about 8 to 10 gay men. If the gay and lesbian movement was to embrace this research and, if the education system taught these findings, homosexual and transsexual people would not encounter as much prejudice. Most people are more tolerant and accepting of a person who has inborn differences than they are of a person who, in their opinion, makes an unacceptable choice e.g. Thalidomide babies, Parkinson's sufferers, autism or people who have cerebral palsy. The public is more accepting of these people because they are usually born with these conditions, as opposed to homosexuals who supposedly choose their lifestyle. Can we be critical of a person who is born left-handed or dyslexic? Or with blue eyes and red hair? Or with a female brain in a male body? Most homosexual people believe that their homosexuality is a choice and, like many minority groups, often use public forums to display their 'choice', which generates negative attitudes from many members of the public.

Sadly, statistics show that over 30% of teenage suicides are committed by gays and lesbians, and that 1 out of every 3 transgenders commits suicide. It seems that the realisation of being stuck in the 'wrong body' for the rest of their lives is too much for them. A study into the upbringing of these homosexual teenagers has shown that most were raised in families or communities that taught hatred and rejection towards homosexuals, or in religions that had tried to save some of the 'victims' with prayer or therapy.

Can the 'Choice' Be Changed?
Gays and lesbians do not choose their sexual orientation any more than heterosexuals do. Scientists and most human sexuality experts agree that homosexuality is an orientation that is unchangeable. Researchers believe that most homosexual orientation develops in the womb, that homosexual patterns are firmly fixed by around age 5 and that it is outside the control of the person. For centuries, techniques have been used to suppress homosexual feelings in 'sufferers’ which have included breast amputation, castration, drug therapy, uterus removal, frontal lobotomy, psychotherapy, electric shock therapy, prayer meetings, spiritual counselling and exorcism. No therapies have ever succeeded. The best they have been able to achieve is to make some bisexuals confine their sexual activities to members of the opposite sex or force some homosexuals to become celibate through guilt or fear, and to push many others to suicide.

Scientists have shown that homosexuality is an orientation that is unalterable. It's not a choice.
There is a greater than 90% chance that you, the reader, are heterosexual. Think about how difficult it would be to feel sexually attracted to someone of your own sex and you will begin to understand how it is virtually impossible to create feelings that do not already exist. If it was a choice, as many proclaim, why would any intelligent person choose a way of life that exposes them to so much hostility, prejudice and discrimination? Hormones are responsible, not human choices.

The Case of Identical Gay Twins
Extensive research has been carried out on identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families and environments. Numerous tests have been conducted to reliably establish whether certain human traits are genetic or determined by social conditioning. This type of research shows that many human traits are genetically inherited, including neuroticism, depression, introversion / extroversion levels, dominance, a facility for sport and the age of 1st sexual activity. Assuming that around 5% of the the male population is gay, if you analysed 100 gay identical male twins who had been separated from their twin at birth, then you would expect that around 5% of other twins would also be gay, based on the assumption that homosexuality is a choice. Various research groups who studied this question have all come up with the same answer. That answer has been demonstrated by American researchers Dr Richard Pillard of Boston University and psychologist Michael Bailey of North Western University who studied the sexual orientation of sibling boys raised together. Their conclusions were – The chance of sibling homosexuality is:
• 22% for non-identical twins
• 10% for non-twin or adopted brothers
• 52% for identical twins who share the same genes
The collective research into the gay identical twins who were separated at birth, reveals that over 50% of the lost twin brothers were also gay. Of these, the researchers generally agreed it was likely that 10%-20% of the twins who claimed to be heterosexual were probably homosexuals who were too deep inside the closet to admit it, or bisexuals who chose to describe themselves as heterosexual. This brings the real percentage of gay twins with identical genetic makeup to between 60%-70%, or 2 out of 3, proving convincingly that most homosexuality is created in the womb. It also confirms that upbringing has little, if any, impact on sexual orientation.

It's in their Genes
Based on the theory that gayness is created in the womb, you would expect that all identical gay twins would also be gay, so why is this not the case with the other 30%-40% of the gay twin brothers? Genes have a property called 'penetrance’ which is a measure of the gene's power to become effective, and determines how likely that gene is to be switched on and become a dominant gene e.g. the variety of gene that causes Huntington's disease is 100% penetrant, whereas the gene that causes Type 1 diabetes is only 30% penetrant. This means that if identical twins each has both the Huntington's gene and the diabetes gene, each has a 100% chance of developing Huntington's disease but only a 30% chance of developing diabetes. Those carrying the 'gay gene' as it is now called, have a 50%-70% chance of becoming gay and this theory explains why all the identical twins brothers were not gay. It is estimated that about 10% of all males carry the 'gay gene and about half these males will become gay due to the 30%-70% penetrance factor of the gene. Laboratory experiments with rats and monkeys have proved that this sequence of events also happens in other species. While performing these types of sex-altering experiments on humans is illegal, and considered to be ethically wrong, we are aware that these have been successfully conducted in Russia with the same conclusive results.

The 'Gay Gene'
Dean Hamer of the National Cancer Institute in the USA compared the DNA of 40 pairs of homosexual brothers and discovered that 33 had the same genetic markers in the X928 region of the X chromosome, which has been determined to be the approximate location of the gay gene. He also compared the DNA of 36 pairs of lesbian sisters but no corresponding pattern was found. This study further shows that not only is homosexuality mainly a condition affecting males but it is almost certainly genetic. The likelihood the gene becoming penetrant appears to be largely dependent on the presence of the testosterone hormone 6 to 8 weeks after conception. In addition, there is a small chance that other factors, including social conditioning may activate the gene in early life, usually before age 5.

Gay Fingerprints and Family Studies
In 1998, Canadian brain research pioneer Dr Doreen Kimura reported that she had conducted a study of the number of ridges between 2 specific points on a person's fingerprints. She discovered that people with high ridge counts on the left hand are better at 'feminine' tasks. She found that most men have more ridges on their right hands, but that, on average, women and homosexual men are likely to have more ridges on their left hands.

Another study of gay men by the National Cancer Institute has shown that homosexuality runs in families. Data collected on the genetic family members of 114 gay men shows there is a 3 times greater than average chance that gay men's brothers, uncles, cousins or parents were also gay. Most of the gay male family members were on the mother's side of the family and fewer were on the father's side. This can only be caused genetically, and it indicates that there is a special gene somewhere on the X chromosome. This chromosome is the only 1 a mother can provide (she has 2 Xs), further demonstrating the genetic transferability of male homosexuality,

Experimental Changes
Rats are a favourite for scientific research. They have hormones, genes and a central nervous system like humans, but their brains do not develop in the womb like a human's – they develop after birth, which allows us to see what's going on. Castrate a male rat and he thinks he's a she and becomes a social, nest-building rat. Give testosterone hormones to a newborn female rat and she thinks she's a he, becomes aggressive and tries to mount other female rats. Some female birds, such as canaries, can't sing but if they are injected at a young age with testosterone, they can sing like a male. This is because testosterone affects the wiring of their brain and therefore their abilities.

To achieve this sex-changing result the brain must be altered when it is in an embryonic state. Similar tests on adult rats, birds and monkeys failed to produce such dramatic results because the brain is 'set' during the embryonic stage. For humans, the brain is 'set' 6 to 8 weeks after conception. It means that older rats won't change much and neither will older humans.

During a seminar tour of Russia, we met a professor of brain surgery from a local university who disclosed to us that secret brain-altering experiments had been carried out in Russia on humans for some time and that their results were the same as with the rats – they had changed boys into girls and girls into boys by altering their brains in the womb with male hormone. They created their own gay, lesbian and transsexual people. He also reported that had been occasions where the foetus was not given enough male hormone or was given the hormones at the wrong time of its development. 1 result was a baby boy with 2 sets of genitals – a male set and a female set. This genetic accident also occurs from time to time in nature (as it has done in the Dominican Republic) and explains how a baby is born looking like a girl and then suddenly becomes a boy at adolescence.

This research shows what scientists know but are not willing to discuss – that, by controlling the sex of the brain with hormones, the sexuality of a foetus can be determined before birth with an injection of a needle at the right time. This would, however, and quite understandably so, raise obvious moral, ethical and humane questions.

It's What Happens in the Womb
If, during the early stages of pregnancy, testosterone is suppressed and the foetus is male, the chance of giving birth to a gay boy dramatically increases because female hormones become the hormones used to configure the brain. 1 German study in the 1970s showed that mothers who suffered severe stress during early pregnancy had 6 times the chance of giving birth to a gay son. Research by Professor Lee Ellis of the Department of Sociology at Minot State University in North Dakota also showed that stressed pregnancies equal gay babies. If the foetus is a girl, a baby daughter may become super-feminine and will probably have poor spatial ability. In other words, she's very mothering and nurturing but can't reverse park or find North. Brian Gladue of North Dakota State University has shown that heterosexual men have better spatial skills than homosexual men, and lesbians have better spatial skills than heterosexual women. Why? More male hormone was involved in the wiring of their brains. So what suppresses testosterone? The main factors are stress, sickness and some medications.

We have known for some time about the dangerous effects of alcohol and nicotine on the unborn baby and of the positive effects of the right diet and stress-free living. New research by experts such as Dr Vivette Glover at London's Chelsea Hospital shows that pregnant women who suffer stress give birth to babies who are also unable deal with stressful situations. Dr Glenn Wilson of the Institute of Psychiatry in London has also studied this area extensively. He concluded, 'Certain chemical drugs can interfere with testosterone function and the result can be the birth of a gay baby."

If the foetus is a genetic girl (XX) and the brain is dosed in male hormone, the result is a female body with male brain circuitry. As children, these girls are usually called tomboys' and they play rougher and harder than their female peers. They are likely to grow more body and facial hair than other girls at puberty, they are better at hand-eye and ball skills and as adults are sometimes described as 'butch'. A high percentage become lesbians. Accidental dosing of male hormones can occur if the pregnant mother is taking certain medications that contain high levels of male hormones, like some contraceptive pills, diabetic drugs and other medications.

1 study of diabetic women who were pregnant during the 1950s and '60s shows a high ratio of baby girls who became lesbians after adolescence because their brains received too much male hormone from the diabetic drug at the critical period of brain development of the foetus. Similarly, another study showed that women of the same era who received female hormones such as oestrogen in the belief that it would help pregnancy had a 5 to 10 times greater chance of giving birth to a gay baby boy. It's not until adolescence that the brain circuitry is switched on by the massive surge of hormones that race through a teenager's body and the real sexuality of the teenage becomes apparent.

Echoing these findings, researchers at the Kinsey Institute in America found that mothers who had taken male hormones during pregnancy had daughters who were described as having high levels of self-reliance, sell assertiveness and were likely to be involved in aggressive sports such as kickboxing or football. As children, many were described as 'tomboys'. Mothers who had taken female hormones had more daughters who were described as more 'feminine' and sons who were softer and gentler than their peers, were more dependent on others and were not physically active.

The Transsexual Brain
Transsexuals feel from early childhood that they were born in the wrong-sex body. The area in the brain essential for sexual behaviour is called the hypothalamus and this area is markedly smaller in women than in men. Researcher Dick Swaab and his team from the Netherlands Institute for Brain Research were the 1st in 1995 to show that the hypothalamus in male transsexuals was female-sized or smaller. This further confirms research showing that gender identity stems from an interaction between the developing brain and sex hormones. This theory was 1st proposed by German scientist Dr Gunther Dörner who found that the hypothalamus of homosexual men responded in the exact same way as a female hypothalamus when injected with female hormone. Swaab reported, 'Our study is the 1st to show a female brain structure in genetically male transsexuals. In other words, it's a woman's brain in a man's body. The psychiatric label for a transgender person is that they are suffering Gender Identity Disorder and around 20% of these people undergo the sex-change operation. This involves removing the testicles and cutting the penis in half lengthways and removing the inside tissue. The penis skin mains attached, the urethral tube is realigned and the skin from the penis is then folded inside a surgically made cavity to line an artificial vagina. In some cases, the head of the penis becomes the clitoris and is capable of orgasm. Tragically, the suicide rate for transsexuals is 5 times that of the general population. 1 in 5 attempt suicide.

Are We Slaves to Our Biology?
Scientists know how to change the sexuality of rats and monkeys in the womb. Some groups claim that we can control our likes and dislikes by will or choice and they insist that we can all reverse park or read street directories with the same ease. But scientists know this is unrealistic. You don't need to be a scientist to see that rabbits can't fly, ducks are lousy runners, most women have difficulty reading maps and men reading newspapers are temporarily deaf. Understanding brain structure differences makes us more tolerant of each other and allows us to have greater control over our destiny and to feel positive about our inclinations and choices.

Human intelligence has evolved to a point where we are more in control of our emotions than other animals and can think through our choices. Other animals don't think: they react to circumstances and this makes them slaves to their biology. Our biology is the motivation behind many of the choices we make that sometimes don't seem to make sense to us. So while we are more in control of ourselves than most other animals, we still can't completely buck the system. The biggest obstacle facing most people is their rejection of the idea that we are just another animal with a smart brain. This refusal makes these people victims of their biology.

Why Gay Men Aren't All Alike
In simple terms, there are 2 main centres associated with homosexual behaviour, the 'mating centre' and the 'behaviour centre'. The 'mating centre’ is located in the hypothalamus and decides which sex we will be attracted to. In males, it needs to be dosed in male hormones to convert it to male operational function, so that a man will be attracted to a woman. If it receives insufficient male hormones, it will remain, to a greater or lesser extent, female in operation and so the man will be attracted to other men.

The 'behaviour centre' in the brain may not, however, receive enough male hormones to give a man masculine behaviour, speech and body language. If it doesn't receive enough for male reconfiguration, the man's behaviour will be significantly feminine. How the mating and behaviour centres can receive different amounts of male hormone is still a mystery, but it certainly demonstrates why not all effeminate males are gay, and not all macho men are heterosexual.

Lesbian Differences
If the brain of a female foetus inadvertently receives additional male hormones, it can masculinise the mating centre. This means that as a woman she will be attracted to other women. If her behaviour centre is also masculinised, she will take on masculine behaviour, speech and body language, and may be described as 'butch". If her behaviour centre is not converted by male hormones, on the other hand, she will remain feminine in behaviour, but will still be attracted to other females. These results have also been shown in experiments on female rats and monkeys. While ‘butch' lesbians can be plainly seen to be the result of their biology, many people today still resist the idea that feminine lesbians are also prisoners of their make-up. They suggest these women must have actually chosen to be gay, because they most definitely do not look gay. Just witness the number of men who say, when they see a very feminine, or lipstick, lesbian, 'I bet I could get her to change her mind. These women, however, really are attracted to other women.
Gays, Lesbians and Transsexuals
Research shows that the basic template for the body and brain of a human foetus is female in its structure. As a result, men have some redundant female features such as nipples. Men also have mammary glands which do not function but retain the potential to produce milk. There are thousands of recorded cases of lactation in male prisoners-of-war where starvation led to a diseased liver failing to break down the hormones essential for breast-feeding.

As we now know, 6 to 8 weeks after conception, a male foetus (XY) receives a massive dose of male hormones called androgens which first forms the testes, and then a 2nd dose to alter the brain from a female format to a male configuration. If the male foetus does not receive enough male hormone at the appropriate time, 1 of 2 things may happen. 1stly, a baby boy may be bom with brain structure that is more feminine than masculine, in other words, a boy who will most likely be gay by puberty. 2ndly, a genetic boy may be born with a fully functioning female brain and a set of male genitals. This person will be transgender – a person who is biologically male but feeling as if he is a female. Sometimes, a genetic male is born with a set of both male and female genitals. Genetic Anne Moir in her ground-breaking book Brainsex documents the many cases of genetic boys being born looking like girls and being raised as girls, only suddenly to find that they have penis and testicles that appear at puberty. This genetic oddity was discovered in the Dominican Republic and a study with the parents of these 'girls' show that their parents typically raised them as girls and encouraged stereotypical behaviours such as feminine dress and playing with dolls. Many of these parents were then shocked to discover that they'd ended up with a fully fledged son at puberty when male hormones took over and their 'daughters' suddenly had a penis and reverted to male appearance and typical male behaviour patterns. This change occurred despite all the social conditioning and social pressures for female behaviour. The fact that most of these 'girls' successfully lived the rest of their lives as males highlights the point that their social environment and upbringing had a limited impact on their adult lives. Clearly, their biology was the key factor in creating their behavioural patterns.

Homosexuality is Part of History
Among the ancient Greeks, homosexuality was not only permitted, it was highly respected. The slim, boyish, youthful figure was their ideal of beauty, and paintings and statues were erected in its honour. Poems were written r the love that prominent older men had for young. The Greeks believed that male homosexuality served a higher purpose and it inspired youths to become worthy members of the community. They also found that young gay men proved to be some of their most courageous, successful warriors as they would fight ‘side-by-side in love with each other.’ In Roman times, Julius Caesar was described as 'every woman's man and every man's woman."

When Christianity frowned on same-sex relationships and God reportedly brought his vengeance down on the City of Sodom, homosexuality was banned, disappeared into the closet and wasn't seen in public again until recently. The Victorian era refused to acknowledge that homosexuality existed and, even if it did, it must be the Devil's work and would be severely punished. As we enter the 21st century, most older generations still believe that homosexuality is a recent phenomenon and an 'unnatural’ act. The reality is that it has been around for as long as male foetuses missed out on their sufficient share of male hormones. Amongst primates, homosexual behaviour is used as a way of bonding members of a group or as a form of showing submission to a superior, as is also the case with cattle, cocks and dogs. Lesbianism gained its name from the Greek island of Lesbos. It has never been looked upon with the same contempt as male homosexuality, probably because it is associated more with intimacy, and not labelled so much a 'perversion'.

Is it Genetic or a Choice?
When Body Language author Allan Pease and geneticist Anne Moir appeared together on British television in 1991 to launch their books Brainsex (Mandarin Books) and Talk Language (HarperCollins), Moir revealed the results of her research which highlighted what scientists have known for years - homosexuality is inborn, not a choice. Not only is homosexuality mostly inborn, but the environment in which we are raised plays a lesser role in our behaviour than was previously thought. Scientists have found that as an adolescent or adult, parents' efforts to suppress homosexual tendencies in their off-spring has practically no effect. And because the impact of male hormone (or lack of it) on the brain is the main culprit, most homosexuals are males. There is no solid evidence that upbringing affects the likelihood of a child becoming homosexual.

For every lesbian (female body with a masculinised brain) there are about 8 to 10 gay men. If the gay and lesbian movement was to embrace this research and, if the education system taught these findings, homosexual and transsexual people would not encounter as much prejudice. Most people are more tolerant and accepting of a person who has inborn differences than they are of a person who, in their opinion, makes an unacceptable choice e.g. Thalidomide babies, Parkinson's sufferers, autism or people who have cerebral palsy. The public is more accepting of these people because they are usually born with these conditions, as opposed to homosexuals who supposedly choose their lifestyle. Can we be critical of a person who is born left-handed or dyslexic? Or with blue eyes and red hair? Or with a female brain in a male body? Most homosexual people believe that their homosexuality is a choice and, like many minority groups, often use public forums to display their 'choice', which generates negative attitudes from many members of the public.

Sadly, statistics show that over 30% of teenage suicides are committed by gays and lesbians, and that 1 out of every 3 transgenders commits suicide. It seems that the realisation of being stuck in the 'wrong body' for the rest of their lives is too much for them. A study into the upbringing of these homosexual teenagers has shown that most were raised in families or communities that taught hatred and rejection towards homosexuals, or in religions that had tried to save some of the 'victims' with prayer or therapy.

Why People Look to the Father
When a boy turns out to be gay, the father may often be blamed. Family members claim that he criticised the son for not being involved with, or competent at, male pursuits as he grew up. This theory holds that the boy rebelled against the father and became gay to spite him, but there is no scientific evidence to support this view. The likely explanation is that the boy was more interested in female pursuits rather than football, motorcycle racing, cars or boxing matches. This would have been a constant source of annoyance for a father with high expectations of his son male development. In other words, the son's effeminate tendencies are more likely to have contributed to the father's critical or aggressive attitude than vice versa.

Red hair & freckles have the same occurrence as homosexuality
If the public understood that scientific evidence shows that most, if not all homosexuality is inborn, there would be as much interest in a gay rally as there would be in a rally for people with red hair and freckles, a genetic combination that occurs at the same rate as homosexuality. The public would be more accepting of homosexuality and gays and lesbians would not have as many problems with self- esteem, and would be treated with more dignity, and far less rejection and ridicule. Ignorance on both sides keeps both apart.

Can the 'Choice' Be Changed?
Gays and lesbians do not choose their sexual orientation any more than heterosexuals do. Scientists and most human sexuality experts agree that homosexuality is an orientation that is unchangeable. Researchers believe that most homosexual orientation develops in the womb, that homosexual patterns are firmly fixed by around age 5 and that it is outside the control of the person. For centuries, techniques have been used to suppress homosexual feelings in 'sufferers’ which have included breast amputation, castration, drug therapy, uterus removal, frontal lobotomy, psychotherapy, electric shock therapy, prayer meetings, spiritual counselling and exorcism. No therapies have ever succeeded. The best they have been able to achieve is to make some bisexuals confine their sexual activities to members of the opposite sex or force some homosexuals to become celibate through guilt or fear, and to push many others to suicide.

Scientists have shown that homosexuality is an orientation that is unalterable. It's not a choice.
There is a greater than 90% chance that you, the reader, are heterosexual. Think about how difficult it would be to feel sexually attracted to someone of your own sex and you will begin to understand how it is virtually impossible to create feelings that do not already exist. If it was a choice, as many proclaim, why would any intelligent person choose a way of life that exposes them to so much hostility, prejudice and discrimination? Hormones are responsible, not human choices.

The Case of Identical Gay Twins
Extensive research has been carried out on identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families and environments. Numerous tests have been conducted to reliably establish whether certain human traits are genetic or determined by social conditioning. This type of research shows that many human traits are genetically inherited, including neuroticism, depression, introversion / extroversion levels, dominance, a facility for sport and the age of 1st sexual activity. Assuming that around 5% of the the male population is gay, if you analysed 100 gay identical male twins who had been separated from their twin at birth, then you would expect that around 5% of other twins would also be gay, based on the assumption that homosexuality is a choice. Various research groups who studied this question have all come up with the same answer. That answer has been demonstrated by American researchers Dr Richard Pillard of Boston University and psychologist Michael Bailey of North Western University who studied the sexual orientation of sibling boys raised together. Their conclusions were – The chance of sibling homosexuality is:
• 22% for non-identical twins
• 10% for non-twin or adopted brothers
• 52% for identical twins who share the same genes
The collective research into the gay identical twins who were separated at birth, reveals that over 50% of the lost twin brothers were also gay. Of these, the researchers generally agreed it was likely that 10%-20% of the twins who claimed to be heterosexual were probably homosexuals who were too deep inside the closet to admit it, or bisexuals who chose to describe themselves as heterosexual. This brings the real percentage of gay twins with identical genetic makeup to between 60%-70%, or 2 out of 3, proving convincingly that most homosexuality is created in the womb. It also confirms that upbringing has little, if any, impact on sexual orientation.

It's in their Genes
Based on the theory that gayness is created in the womb, you would expect that all identical gay twins would also be gay, so why is this not the case with the other 30%-40% of the gay twin brothers? Genes have a property called 'penetrance’ which is a measure of the gene's power to become effective, and determines how likely that gene is to be switched on and become a dominant gene e.g. the variety of gene that causes Huntington's disease is 100% penetrant, whereas the gene that causes Type 1 diabetes is only 30% penetrant. This means that if identical twins each has both the Huntington's gene and the diabetes gene, each has a 100% chance of developing Huntington's disease but only a 30% chance of developing diabetes. Those carrying the 'gay gene' as it is now called, have a 50%-70% chance of becoming gay and this theory explains why all the identical twins brothers were not gay. It is estimated that about 10% of all males carry the 'gay gene and about half these males will become gay due to the 30%-70% penetrance factor of the gene. Laboratory experiments with rats and monkeys have proved that this sequence of events also happens in other species. While performing these types of sex-altering experiments on humans is illegal, and considered to be ethically wrong, we are aware that these have been successfully conducted in Russia with the same conclusive results.

The 'Gay Gene'
Dean Hamer of the National Cancer Institute in the USA compared the DNA of 40 pairs of homosexual brothers and discovered that 33 had the same genetic markers in the X928 region of the X chromosome, which has been determined to be the approximate location of the gay gene. He also compared the DNA of 36 pairs of lesbian sisters but no corresponding pattern was found. This study further shows that not only is homosexuality mainly a condition affecting males but it is almost certainly genetic. The likelihood the gene becoming penetrant appears to be largely dependent on the presence of the testosterone hormone 6 to 8 weeks after conception. In addition, there is a small chance that other factors, including social conditioning may activate the gene in early life, usually before age 5.

Gay Fingerprints and Family Studies
In 1998, Canadian brain research pioneer Dr Doreen Kimura reported that she had conducted a study of the number of ridges between 2 specific points on a person's fingerprints. She discovered that people with high ridge counts on the left hand are better at 'feminine' tasks. She found that most men have more ridges on their right hands, but that, on average, women and homosexual men are likely to have more ridges on their left hands.

Another study of gay men by the National Cancer Institute has shown that homosexuality runs in families. Data collected on the genetic family members of 114 gay men shows there is a 3 times greater than average chance that gay men's brothers, uncles, cousins or parents were also gay. Most of the gay male family members were on the mother's side of the family and fewer were on the father's side. This can only be caused genetically, and it indicates that there is a special gene somewhere on the X chromosome. This chromosome is the only 1 a mother can provide (she has 2 Xs), further demonstrating the genetic transferability of male homosexuality,

Experimental Changes
Rats are a favourite for scientific research. They have hormones, genes and a central nervous system like humans, but their brains do not develop in the womb like a human's – they develop after birth, which allows us to see what's going on. Castrate a male rat and he thinks he's a she and becomes a social, nest-building rat. Give testosterone hormones to a newborn female rat and she thinks she's a he, becomes aggressive and tries to mount other female rats. Some female birds, such as canaries, can't sing but if they are injected at a young age with testosterone, they can sing like a male. This is because testosterone affects the wiring of their brain and therefore their abilities.

To achieve this sex-changing result the brain must be altered when it is in an embryonic state. Similar tests on adult rats, birds and monkeys failed to produce such dramatic results because the brain is 'set' during the embryonic stage. For humans, the brain is 'set' 6 to 8 weeks after conception. It means that older rats won't change much and neither will older humans.

During a seminar tour of Russia, we met a professor of brain surgery from a local university who disclosed to us that secret brain-altering experiments had been carried out in Russia on humans for some time and that their results were the same as with the rats – they had changed boys into girls and girls into boys by altering their brains in the womb with male hormone. They created their own gay, lesbian and transsexual people. He also reported that had been occasions where the foetus was not given enough male hormone or was given the hormones at the wrong time of its development. 1 result was a baby boy with 2 sets of genitals – a male set and a female set. This genetic accident also occurs from time to time in nature (as it has done in the Dominican Republic) and explains how a baby is born looking like a girl and then suddenly becomes a boy at adolescence.

This research shows what scientists know but are not willing to discuss – that, by controlling the sex of the brain with hormones, the sexuality of a foetus can be determined before birth with an injection of a needle at the right time. This would, however, and quite understandably so, raise obvious moral, ethical and humane questions.

It's What Happens in the Womb
If, during the early stages of pregnancy, testosterone is suppressed and the foetus is male, the chance of giving birth to a gay boy dramatically increases because female hormones become the hormones used to configure the brain. 1 German study in the 1970s showed that mothers who suffered severe stress during early pregnancy had 6 times the chance of giving birth to a gay son. Research by Professor Lee Ellis of the Department of Sociology at Minot State University in North Dakota also showed that stressed pregnancies equal gay babies. If the foetus is a girl, a baby daughter may become super-feminine and will probably have poor spatial ability. In other words, she's very mothering and nurturing but can't reverse park or find North. Brian Gladue of North Dakota State University has shown that heterosexual men have better spatial skills than homosexual men, and lesbians have better spatial skills than heterosexual women. Why? More male hormone was involved in the wiring of their brains. So what suppresses testosterone? The main factors are stress, sickness and some medications.

We have known for some time about the dangerous effects of alcohol and nicotine on the unborn baby and of the positive effects of the right diet and stress-free living. New research by experts such as Dr Vivette Glover at London's Chelsea Hospital shows that pregnant women who suffer stress give birth to babies who are also unable deal with stressful situations. Dr Glenn Wilson of the Institute of Psychiatry in London has also studied this area extensively. He concluded, 'Certain chemical drugs can interfere with testosterone function and the result can be the birth of a gay baby."

If the foetus is a genetic girl (XX) and the brain is dosed in male hormone, the result is a female body with male brain circuitry. As children, these girls are usually called tomboys' and they play rougher and harder than their female peers. They are likely to grow more body and facial hair than other girls at puberty, they are better at hand-eye and ball skills and as adults are sometimes described as 'butch'. A high percentage become lesbians. Accidental dosing of male hormones can occur if the pregnant mother is taking certain medications that contain high levels of male hormones, like some contraceptive pills, diabetic drugs and other medications.

1 study of diabetic women who were pregnant during the 1950s and '60s shows a high ratio of baby girls who became lesbians after adolescence because their brains received too much male hormone from the diabetic drug at the critical period of brain development of the foetus. Similarly, another study showed that women of the same era who received female hormones such as oestrogen in the belief that it would help pregnancy had a 5 to 10 times greater chance of giving birth to a gay baby boy. It's not until adolescence that the brain circuitry is switched on by the massive surge of hormones that race through a teenager's body and the real sexuality of the teenage becomes apparent.

Echoing these findings, researchers at the Kinsey Institute in America found that mothers who had taken male hormones during pregnancy had daughters who were described as having high levels of self-reliance, sell assertiveness and were likely to be involved in aggressive sports such as kickboxing or football. As children, many were described as 'tomboys'. Mothers who had taken female hormones had more daughters who were described as more 'feminine' and sons who were softer and gentler than their peers, were more dependent on others and were not physically active.

The Transsexual Brain
Transsexuals feel from early childhood that they were born in the wrong-sex body. The area in the brain essential for sexual behaviour is called the hypothalamus and this area is markedly smaller in women than in men. Researcher Dick Swaab and his team from the Netherlands Institute for Brain Research were the 1st in 1995 to show that the hypothalamus in male transsexuals was female-sized or smaller. This further confirms research showing that gender identity stems from an interaction between the developing brain and sex hormones. This theory was 1st proposed by German scientist Dr Gunther Dörner who found that the hypothalamus of homosexual men responded in the exact same way as a female hypothalamus when injected with female hormone. Swaab reported, 'Our study is the 1st to show a female brain structure in genetically male transsexuals. In other words, it's a woman's brain in a man's body. The psychiatric label for a transgender person is that they are suffering Gender Identity Disorder and around 20% of these people undergo the sex-change operation. This involves removing the testicles and cutting the penis in half lengthways and removing the inside tissue. The penis skin mains attached, the urethral tube is realigned and the skin from the penis is then folded inside a surgically made cavity to line an artificial vagina. In some cases, the head of the penis becomes the clitoris and is capable of orgasm. Tragically, the suicide rate for transsexuals is 5 times that of the general population. 1 in 5 attempt suicide.

Are We Slaves to Our Biology?
Scientists know how to change the sexuality of rats and monkeys in the womb. Some groups claim that we can control our likes and dislikes by will or choice and they insist that we can all reverse park or read street directories with the same ease. But scientists know this is unrealistic. You don't need to be a scientist to see that rabbits can't fly, ducks are lousy runners, most women have difficulty reading maps and men reading newspapers are temporarily deaf. Understanding brain structure differences makes us more tolerant of each other and allows us to have greater control over our destiny and to feel positive about our inclinations and choices.

Human intelligence has evolved to a point where we are more in control of our emotions than other animals and can think through our choices. Other animals don't think: they react to circumstances and this makes them slaves to their biology. Our biology is the motivation behind many of the choices we make that sometimes don't seem to make sense to us. So while we are more in control of ourselves than most other animals, we still can't completely buck the system. The biggest obstacle facing most people is their rejection of the idea that we are just another animal with a smart brain. This refusal makes these people victims of their biology.

Why Gay Men Aren't All Alike
In simple terms, there are 2 main centres associated with homosexual behaviour, the 'mating centre' and the 'behaviour centre'. The 'mating centre’ is located in the hypothalamus and decides which sex we will be attracted to. In males, it needs to be dosed in male hormones to convert it to male operational function, so that a man will be attracted to a woman. If it receives insufficient male hormones, it will remain, to a greater or lesser extent, female in operation and so the man will be attracted to other men.

The 'behaviour centre' in the brain may not, however, receive enough male hormones to give a man masculine behaviour, speech and body language. If it doesn't receive enough for male reconfiguration, the man's behaviour will be significantly feminine. How the mating and behaviour centres can receive different amounts of male hormone is still a mystery, but it certainly demonstrates why not all effeminate males are gay, and not all macho men are heterosexual.

Lesbian Differences
If the brain of a female foetus inadvertently receives additional male hormones, it can masculinise the mating centre. This means that as a woman she will be attracted to other women. If her behaviour centre is also masculinised, she will take on masculine behaviour, speech and body language, and may be described as 'butch". If her behaviour centre is not converted by male hormones, on the other hand, she will remain feminine in behaviour, but will still be attracted to other females. These results have also been shown in experiments on female rats and monkeys. While ‘butch' lesbians can be plainly seen to be the result of their biology, many people today still resist the idea that feminine lesbians are also prisoners of their make-up. They suggest these women must have actually chosen to be gay, because they most definitely do not look gay. Just witness the number of men who say, when they see a very feminine, or lipstick, lesbian, 'I bet I could get her to change her mind. These women, however, really are attracted to other women.